subscribe to this pageTuesday, April 01, 2008
A Land Use Transport Model for London
Mike Batty at CASA has been working on a Land use transport model for London. The model simulates the location of the residential population as a function of this employment, floorspace and generalised travel cost. The model is currently, a partially constrained spatial interaction/residential location model disaggregated by four modes of transport – road, heavy rail, light rail (tube and DLR) and bus, with walk-cycle-other the fifth residual mode.
The Google Map Creator is a freeware application designed to make thematic mapping using Google Maps simpler. The application takes a shapefile containing geographic areas linked with attributes and automatically generates a working Google Maps website from the data. It does this by pre-creating all the necessary files and saving them into a directory. Publishing the map on the web is then just a matter of copying files onto a web server, allowing Google Maps to be used with the majority of ISPs.
The User-friendly Desktop Internet GIS (uDig) is both a GeoSpatial application and a platform through which developers can create new, derived applications. uDig is a core element in an internet aware Geographic Information System.
uDig has been developed with a strong emphasis on supporting the public standards being developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium
, and with a special focus on the Web Map Server and Web Feature Server standards.
Call#: Lippincott Library HD75.6 .B38 2003
Introductory summer class on integrating GIS and Goolge Mpas
-------------
GSAPP : columbia university
google maps vs gis an introduction summer '07
Current Syllabus
Week 1 In Class
Week 1 Out of Class
Week 2 In Class
Week 2 Out of Class
Week 2 3D Modeling
Week 3 In Class
Week 3 GPS Handheld Manual
Week 4 : GPS & Making Your Own Point Symbology
Final Mapping Assignment
Volume 56 Issue 4 Page 574-586, November 2004
To cite this article: Michael T. Most, Raja Sengupta, Michael A. Burgener (2004)
Spatial Scale and Population Assignment Choices in Environmental Justice Analyses1
The Professional Geographer 56 (4), 574-586.
doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.2004.00449.x
Abstract
Environmental justice laws protect certain populations against discriminatory actions that may result from a myriad of enterprises, including transportation activities. Previous environmental equity studies examining the effects of transportation-engendered externalities have been criticized on several points, including (1) that the choice of a reference population for comparison to the criterion variable may influence the outcome of research results and (2) that the selection and use of inappropriate methodologies intended to identify and characterize populations may foreordain research outcomes. This article examines the potentially confounding effects of selected spatial scale and population assignment strategies as applied to a study of excessive noise levels at a large Midwestern airport, finding that reported outcomes can vary significantly as a function of methodological choices.
The Professional Geographer
Volume 59 Issue 2 Page 193-208, May 2007
To cite this article: Selima Sultana, Joe Weber (2007)
Journey-to-Work Patterns in the Age of Sprawl: Evidence from Two Midsize Southern Metropolitan Areas*
The Professional Geographer 59 (2), 193-208.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00607.x
Among others, one commonly identified negative consequence of urban sprawl is an increase in the length
of the journey to work. However, there has been more discussion of this than serious scrutiny, hence
the relationship between urban sprawl and commuting patterns, especially at the intraurban level, remains
unclear. Using the 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) data for two Southeastern metropolitan
areas, this research investigates the extent to which workers living in sprawl areas commute farther to
work than those living in higher density areas. The analysis of variance confirms that workers commuting from
sprawl areas to urban areas experience a longer commute in terms of time as well as mileage, though this varies
when workplace and home locations are taken into account. However, multivariate statistical results suggest that
there are limits to the utility of sprawl as a predictor of travel behavior compared to workers’ socioeconomic
characteristics, as other factors appear to be equally or more important.
We have developed and tested two measures of visual clutter: the Feature Congestion measure, and the Subband Entropy measure.
Feature Congestion measure: This measure of visual clutter is based on the common experience of going to put a note on a colleague's desk. If the desk is uncluttered, it's easy to find a place to put the note where we are confident our colleague will notice it. However, if the desk is cluttered, we tend not to be confident they will notice the note, and perhaps will leave the note on a chair so they will spot it.
This suggests that clutter is related to the difficulty in adding an attention-grabbing item to a display. Visual search models typically attempt to predict the difficulty of searching for a particular target among particular distractors. However, our Statistical Saliency Model can easily make the dual prediction of how difficult it would be to add an attention-grabbing item to a display, and what features that item should have in order to draw attention. Our Feature Congestion measure of visual clutter is based upon this model of visual search.
Subband Entropy measure: This measure of visual clutter is based upon the intuition that a scene or display is less cluttered the more "organized" it is, i.e. the more items "group" together perceptually, whether through use of similar colors, or alignment, or other tricks. A related question to ask is to what extent each part of the display or scene is predictable from the rest of the scene? How redundant is the visual information in the scene?
IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced the successful completion of a pilot test on traffic prediction in Singapore's Central Business District.
Using historical traffic data and real-time traffic input from the Singapore Land Transport Authority (LTA)'s i-Transport system, IBM's Traffic Prediction Tool predicted traffic flows over pre-set durations (10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes). Overall prediction results were well above the target accuracy of 85 percent. With these predictions, LTA's traffic controllers will be able to anticipate and better manage the flow of traffic to prevent the build-up of congestion.
At a global level, this innovative use of technology represents another option in the response to the complexity of mega-urban congestion, especially in the developing world.
While infrastructure growth is required in many cities, it cannot be the only solution to congestion given the significant budgetary, social and environmental costs. IBM believes innovation can and needs to be applied to the challenge of mega-urban congestion. For example, technologies such as the Traffic Prediction Tool enable more intelligent use of a city's existing infrastructure.
The Traffic Prediction Tool was developed by IBM Research. The pilot was supported by a global IBM team, with resources from Singapore, the UK and the USA, working closely with a team from the LTA. The pilot took place from December 2006 to April 2007.
Both speed and volume predictions covering the Central Business District were above the target accuracy of 85 percent. In addition, during peak periods where more real-time data was available, the average accuracy of the volume forecasts on the District was near or above 90 percent from 10-minutes all the way to the predictions 60-minutes into the future.
Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois and Brian Slack, New York: Routledge, 284 pages. ISBN 0-415-35441-2
Detailed Table of Contents
Chapters
1) Transportation and Geography
2) Transportation Systems and Networks
3) Transportation Modes
4) Transport Terminals
5) International and Regional Transportation
6) Urban Transportation
7) Economic and Spatial Structure of Transport Systems
8) Transport and Environment
9) Transport Planning and Pol
icies Conclusion: Issues and Challenges in Transport Geography
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9301200302
© 1993 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Locational Models, Geographic Information and Planning Support Systems
Britton Harris
Michael Batty
Geographic information systems (GIS) are becoming widespread in management and planning, affecting the very organization and operation of the planning process itself. In this paper we address the problems and potential of such systems, particularly in relation to the analytical, predictive, and prescriptive models on which strategic planning processes are based. Current GIS are not rooted in the sorts of functions which drive these processes and here we will identify the difficulties and possibilities for developing more appropriate GIS which are sensitive to the simulation, optimization, and design activities which define spatial planning. To this end we will describe the development of planning support systems (PSS) in which a wide array of data, information, and knowledge might be structured, and within which GIS develop ment must take place. We will identify the sorts of urban system and locational models which characterize strategic planning and whose data-demands might be accommodated using GIS. Our critique of GIS is positive and constructive in that we are concerned to embed GIS into planning processes in the most appropriate way. In conclusion we will identify a series of requirements which PSS must meet.
Metropolitan areas have come under intense pressure to respond to federal mandates to link planning of land use, transportation and environmental quality; and from citizen concerns about managing the side effects of growth such as sprawl, congestion, housing affordability and loss of open space. The planning models used by metropolitan planning organizations are generally not designed to address these issues, creating a gap in the ability of planners to systematically assess them. UrbanSim is a new model system that was developed to respond to these emerging requirements and is now been applied in three metropolitan areas. This article describes the model system and is application to Eugene-Springfield, Oregon.
VISUM is a comprehensive, flexible software system for transportation planning, travel demand modeling and network data management. VISUM is used on all continents for metropolitan, regional, statewide and national planning applications.
Designed for multimodal analysis, VISUM integrates all relevant modes of transportation (i.e., car, car passenger, truck, bus, train, pedestrians and bicyclists) into one consistent network model. VISUM provides a variety of assignment procedures and 4-stage modelling components which include trip-end based as well as activity based approaches.
 |
| pedestrian crashes |
| PBCAT |
The Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) is a crash typing software product intended to assist state and local pedestrian/bicycle coordinators, planners and engineers with improving walking and bicycling safety through the development and analysis of a database containing details associated with crashes between motor vehicles and pedestrians or bicyclists. Version 2.1 is now available for
advanced transportation planning functionality
Cube Base is the user interface for the entire Cube system and provides interactive data input and analysis, GIS functionality via ArcGIS, model building and documentation, and scenario development and comparison.Links between the model, the data, and GIS are a single click away, making the development and application of models easy to use. Cube Base allows you to run models developed with Cube Voyager, Cube Cargo, Cube Analyst, Cube Dynasim, Cube Polar, TP+, TRIPS and TRANPLAN.
Peng Wu
Ph.D. candidate
Transportation Technology and Policy Graduate Group Institute of Transportation Studies, the University of California, Davis
November 2006
Abstract
There are increasing requirements on the efficiency and accuracy of vehicular emission modeling due to significant contribution of the transportation sector to air quality problems. Because the essential component (i.e. ransportation activities) of vehicular emission modeling is inherently spatially dependent, this study aims to move the existing oldfashioned Direct Travel Impact Model (DTIM), the Californiaspecific transportationrelated emission inventory estimation model, towards a GISbased model. The strengths of ArcGIS in data management, spatial analysis, and raster modeling are incorporated into three critical steps of emission modeling: disaggregating zonal travel activities (i.e. interzonal trip ends and intrazonal travels), combining travel activities (i.e. speeds and VMT) and emission factors, and gridding emissions into cells. This GISbased method can promote an integrated transportation and air quality analysis. This proposed method was used to estimate vehicular emissions in the San Joaquin Valley, California.
In addition to conducting research, HSIS resources are also used to develop products that can be used by practitioners in the analysis of safety problems.
HWA GIS Safety Analysis Tools v.4.0
Computerized crash analysis systems in which crash data, roadway inventory data, and traffic operations data can be merged are used in many state and municipalities to identify problem locations and assess the effectiveness of implemented countermeasures. By integrating this traditional system with a geographical information system (GIS), which offers spatial referencing capabilities and graphical displays, a more effective crash analysis program can be realized. The analysis tools include five separate programs to evaluate crashes:
- Spot/Intersection Analysis
- Strip Analysis
- Cluster Analysis
- Sliding-Scale Analysis
- Corridor Analysis
The Symposium offers keynote speakers, discussion forums, workshops, presentations, and technology hall where exhibitors showcase their services. Organizations and individuals with information related to GIS in transportation are encouraged to share their experience by presenting at the Symposium.
GIS-T 2008 marks the 21st year this Symposium has been hel
A cooperative venture of the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
Environmental Geospatial Information for Transportation
A Peer Exchange
May 3-4, 2006 Washington, D.C.
Edited by ELIZABETH HARPER
for the Transportation Research Board
Spatial Data and Information Science Committee and Ecology and Transportation Task Force
This webpage is a gateway to numerous GIS transportation applications currently being employed across the nation.
Each application in the State and Local GIS Practices Index provides the following information: GIS practice title, "subject area" of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) responsibility, state, city, contact information, and a brief description of the practice. Contact information is provided so that you may directly contact your colleagues and learn more about the ways they are implementing GIS in transportation activities. Additional State DOT contacts who work in GIS are available on the GIS-T website.
The purpose of the GIS in Transportation site is to:
* Highlight noteworthy practices and innovative uses of transportation GIS;
* Announce opportunities for sharing information and experiences with GIS such as conferences, meetings, and peer exchanges;
* Highlight Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) GIS applications;
* Provide access to resources such as reports, spatial data, and GIS training opportunities; and
* Offer contact information for GIS experts at FHWA and in the field.
Title
Cars Not Geography: Job Accessibility and Reconceptualizing Spatial Mismatch in Detroit
Author Joe Grengs
Abstract
Transportation scholars are challenging traditional formulations of the spatial mismatch hypothesis because it disregards the considerable difference between travel modes. This case study of the Detroit metropolitan region uses 2000 census data and a gravity-based model of transportation accessibility to test differences in jobs access among places and people, and provides support for recent calls for reconceptualizing spatial mismatch. It shows that even though Detroit experiences the greatest distance between blacks and jobs of any region in the country, most central-city neighborhoods offer an advantage in accessibility to jobs compared to most other places in the metropolitan region - as long as a resident has a car. Policies aimed at helping carless people gain access to automobiles may be an effective means of improving the employment outcomes of inner-city residents.
The widespread availability of geographic information systems (GIS) and computer mapping software allows individuals with little or no cartographic knowledge and experience to prepare maps for planning purposes. While these maps are often satisfactory, they may not serve their intended purposes. Some of the common mistakes that planners make in preparing maps are identified and ways to avoid them are suggested. Some key considerations in map making are introduced and a series of practical tips that will help planners produce more effective maps are offered.
Transportation professionals increasingly rely on geographic information systems to manage equipment and infrastructure.
Whether it's monitoring train locations, tracking flight paths and noise levels, planning for highway maintenance, or improving bus routes, GIS helps private organizations and public agencies improve safety and reduce costs. Transportation GIS presents a dozen fascinating case studies from the following organizations, which use GIS in a wide range of transportation planning and management activities:
* New York State Department of Transportation
* Spokane Transit Authority
* Korea Road Traffic Information Centre
* Conrail
* Missouri Department of Transportation
* Orange County Transportation Authority
* Southern California Association of Governments
* Virginia Department of Transportation
* Tri-County Commuter Rail Authority
* Road Commission for Oakland County
* Metropolitan Airports Commission
* City of San Leandro, California
This richly illustrated volume is an excellent introduction to GIS in the transportation industry. Its easy-to-read style and relevant case studies will appeal to industry professionals, students, and lay people alike.
Air Rights: a teaching laboratory for an integrated land use and transportation planning course
| uthor Info |
Kevin Krizek
David Levinson (liame2('edu','umn','m7i7','dlevinson')dlevinson@umn.edu) (Nexus (Networks, Economics, and Urban Systems) Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota)
Additional information is available for the following registered author(s):
| Abstract |
The intersection of land use and transportation policy is becoming an increasingly important focus for all urban planners. This focus, however, challenges the academic community to design effective courses that teach the concepts and professional skills required for professional experience. Integrated land use and transportation courses should engage students to develop interdisciplinary skills while becoming familiar with, for example, travel behavior and zoning policies. Laboratory courses (or segments of courses) as part of graduate curricula provide platforms to further emphasize skills. A common pedagogy problem is devising laboratory assignments that are integrative, cumulative, practical, and interesting for students. Furthermore, laboratory projects should introduce students to real-world problems and techniques while exploring broad planning themes. This paper presents uses four years of laboratory segments from a land use-transportation course (LUTC) at the University of Minnesota to evaluate the needs and results of practitioner-oriented land use and transportation planning education. The laboratory used group projects where students proposed integrated developments using air rights above existing (and sunken) urban freeways in the Twin Cities. The projects provided a practitioner-oriented project through a collaborative and reflexive learning process. This article describes the completed projects, as well as the technical skills, integrated approach and visionary planning necessary for successful execution. The students addressed complicated problems associated with large-scale development by researching neighborhood demographics, characteristics, and pertinent regulations. They used their research to analyze traffic impacts, propose zoning regulations, and outline costs and benefits from their proposal using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), statistical analyses, assessor data and traffic engineering manuals. Using the completed student projects and comparisons with other land use-transportation course and laboratory projects the authors demonstrate how these laboratory components serve multiple pedagogy goals.
DOI: 10.1177/08854129922092405
© 1999 SAGE Publications
Evaluating the Effects of GIS Technology: Review of Methods
Zorica Nedovic-Budic
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois-Urbana
Geographic information systems (GISs) are being introduced into many planning agencies in the United States and abroad. Urban planners find GISs to be effective tools that can help with information management, processing, dissemination, and communication. Yet, initial evidence on the implementation of GIS technology in local governments and planning agencies points to difficulties in getting the systems established and in realizing expected benefits. Technological, database, and organizational factors make it most challenging to get a GIS to fit and adapt to the needs of planning practice. The main sources of evidence to guide the mutual adjustment between GIS technology and planning are evaluative studies of existing systems that examine how these GISs affect planning processes and functions. To date, these studies are scarce. To promote and facilitate assessment of GIS technology in the planning context, this article reviews the frameworks, methods, and criteria that are employed in the fields of organizational studies, information management, and decision support systems.
Author: Thill J.-C.1
Source: Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Volume 8, Number 1, February 2000 , pp. 3-12(10)
Publisher: Elsevier
Library Holdings: This item is not owned by Columbia University. You may request this item through the gateway unless restricted by copyright holder or delivery fee exceeds limit.
Abstract:
The late 1980s saw the first widespread use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in transportation research and management. Due to the specific requirements of transportation applications and of the rather late adoption of this information technology in transportation, research has been directed toward enhancing existing GIS approaches to enable the full range of capabilities needed in transportation research and management. This paper places the concept of transportation GIS in the broader perspective of research in GIS and Geographic Information Science. The emphasis is placed on the requirements specific of the transportation domain of application of this emerging information technology as well as on core research challenges.
Keywords: GIS-T; Geographic information systems
Language: English
Document Type: Research article
DOI: 10.1016/S0968-090X(00)00029-2
Affiliations: 1: Department of Geography and National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, State University of New York at Buffalo, , NY 14261, Buffalo, USA
Title: Geographic information systems for transportation : principles and applications / Harvey J. Miller, Shih-Lung Shaw.
Physical Description: xi, 458 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
Series: Spatial information systems
LC Subjects: Transportation --United States --Planning.
Transportation --Europe --Planning.
Transportation --Japan --Planning.
Geographic information systems --United States.
Geographic information systems --Europe.
Geographic information systems --Japan.
Material Type: Book
Location (guide): Business
Call Number: HE206.2 .M55 2001
Status: Not checked out
Integrating Transportation and Geographic Information Systems: A Problem-solving Approach
Authors
Becky P.Y. Loo, P.C. Lai and Hui Lin
Executive Summary
This book (approximately 800 pages) aims to integrate transportation knowledge with geographic information systems (GIS) in Hong Kong. The major problem encountered by the transportation and GIS students is that the former find the use of GIS software difficult and the latter do not fully understand the transportation model and algorithms underlying the GIS software. This teaching package allows both groups of students to integrate some basic models and theories of transportation, and the applications of GIS in transportation (GIS-T).
This book is supplemented with a CD-ROM containing the data required for the use of the applications. A Questions and Answers Handbook (approximately 32 pages) will also be provided to proven course or training providers.
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9301200302
© 1993 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Locational Models, Geographic Information and Planning Support Systems
Britton Harris
Michael Batty
Geographic information systems (GIS) are becoming widespread in management and planning, affecting the very organization and operation of the planning process itself. In this paper we address the problems and potential of such systems, particularly in relation to the analytical, predictive, and prescriptive models on which strategic planning processes are based. Current GIS are not rooted in the sorts of functions which drive these processes and here we will identify the difficulties and possibilities for developing more appropriate GIS which are sensitive to the simulation, optimization, and design activities which define spatial planning. To this end we will describe the development of planning support systems (PSS) in which a wide array of data, information, and knowledge might be structured, and within which GIS develop ment must take place. We will identify the sorts of urban system and locational models which characterize strategic planning and whose data-demands might be accommodated using GIS. Our critique of GIS is positive and constructive in that we are concerned to embed GIS into planning processes in the most appropriate way. In conclusion we will identify a series of requirements which PSS must meet.
DOI: 10.1177/073945600128992564
© 2000 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Land Use and Transportation Interaction
Implications on Public Health and Quality of Life
Lawrence D. Frank, Ph.D.
College of Architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Increases in per capita vehicle usage and associated emissions have spawned an increased examination of the ways in which our communities and regions are developing. Associated with increased vehicle usage are decreased levels of walking and biking, two valid forms of physical activity. The Surgeon General's 1996 report, Physical Activity and Health, highlights the increasing level of physical inactivity as a growing cause of mortality. The costs and benefits of contrasting land development and transportation investment practices have been the subject of considerable debate in the literature. Findings have been refuted based on methodological grounds and inaccurate interpretation of data. Several of these studies, their methodological approaches, and their critiques are analyzed. While most agree that the built environment influences travel, considerable disagreement exists over the likely impacts of increased density, mix, and street connectivity on air quality, and on transportation system performance and household activity patterns.
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X04267731
© 2005 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Teaching Integrated Land Use-Transportation Planning
Topics, Readings, and Strategies
Kevin Krizek
University of Minnesota
David Levinson
University of Minnesota
Planning pedagogy is increasingly focused on teaching interdisciplinary topics in an integrated and synergistic manner. The intersection of land use and transportation is that of two topics that have risen to be front and center for the planning profession. This article focuses on the manner in which planning programs and, in particular, specific courses address land use and transportation planning. After describing the context in which such courses exist, this article analyzes syllabi from fifteen courses in North American planning programs in two respects. The first examines the list of topics covered within each course by discussing the nature of primary, secondary, and peripheral topics. Second, the analysis uncovers the frequency with which specific readings are employed in each course. The article closes by discussing the nature of a land use-transportation course from the University of Minnesota in which there is a lecture and laboratory component.
Key Words: transportation planning • land use planning • teaching • interdisciplinary • pedagogy
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9701700106
© 1997 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Common Ground for Integrating Planning Theory and GIS Topics
Ann-Margaret Esnard
Department of city and regional planning Cornell University, Ithaca, New Yorkame7@cornell.edu.
E. Bruce MacDougall
Department of landscape architecture and regionalplanning, University of Massachusetes, Amherstebm@1arp.umass.edu.
The basic premise of this article is that planning theory and geographic information systems (GIS) course topics should be integrated in the planning curriculum. The increased use of GIS technology for informing planning and public policy decision making is discussed in the first section, followed by a summary of related technical and theoretical disparities. The concept of links is then introduced and used in the final section to demonstrate the contexts in which common themes can be identified for integrating planning norms (ethics, values, communicative rationality, planning process, and context) and GIS methods (data creation, analysis, and presentation).
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9501400405
© 1995 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Other
Extending the Revolution: Teaching Land Use Planning in a GIS Environment
William J. Drummond
For planning educators the ultimate worth of the GIS revolution will be measured not by the number of new GIS courses offered, but by the integration of GIS technology into the traditional, substantive areas of planning. In the field of land use planning this integration remains in its infancy. The article suggests a general, modular approach for the incorporation of GIS technology into land use planning course work, using a combination of GIS, database, and spreadsheet software. Numerous specific examples are provided, including major applicauons in data collection, preliminary analysis, plan formulation, and plan evaluation.
How We Watch the City: Popularity and Online Maps
Microsoft Research
Danyel Fisher
ABSTRACT
One way of conceptualizing physical spaces is to look at
where people notice, remember, or note them. Computer-
assisted methods give us new tools based on implicit, rather
than explicit, data about how users have examined and
travelled online through cities. “Hotmap” is a tool that
visualizes how people have used maps.live.com, an
interactive mapping service, looking at what parts of the
maps they find most compelling.
Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, 404-414 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X06298820
© 2007 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Exploring Changes in Income Clustering and Centralization during the 1990s
Casey J. Dawkins
Urban Affairs and Planning at Virginia Tech, Virginia Center for Housing Research
This article employs a new "spatial ordering index" to describe and explain changes in the degree of income clustering and centralization within U.S. metropolitan areas during the 1990s. The results suggest that while the spatial pattern of household income became more decentralized and less clustered during the 1990s, the patterns established as of 1990 were highly persistent over the decade. Factors associated with metropolitan area size and growth affected changes in both the degree of centralization and the degree of clustering. Although traditional determinants of suburbanization were associated with increases in income decentralization during the 1990s, densely developed cities with an increase in the percentage of white residents saw increases in income centralization during the decade. Furthermore, changes in the patterns observed were shaped by various policy influences, including the number of Low Income Housing Tax Credit units, urban containment policies, and the degree of local government fragmentation.
Key Words: economic segregation • spatial analysis • metropolitan governance • urban containment • growth management
MapBuilder is a powerful, standards compliant geographic mapping client which runs in a web browser.
Geotools is used by a number of projects including Web Feature Servers, Web Map Servers, and desktop applications, as is described on this page. Some screenshots of Geotools in action are also available.
Programmers wishing to use GeoTools in their own applications can get more information from the Use page and the User Guide. Developers wishing to extend the GeoTools library can get started on the Develop page and the Developer Guide.
GeoTools releases can be found on the downloads page. The Geotools code base is maintained in a subversion repository.
GeoServer is an Open Source server that connects your information to the Geospatial Web.
With GeoServer you can publish and edit data using open standards. Your information is made available in a large variety of formats as maps/images or actual geospatial data. GeoServer's transactional capabilities offer robust support for shared editing. GeoServer's focus is ease of use and support for standards, in order to serve as 'glue' for the geospatial web, connecting from legacy databases to many diverse clients.
GeoServer supports WFS-T and WMS open protocols from the OGC to produce JPEG, PNG, SVG, KML/KMZ, GML, PDF, Shapefiles and more. More information on specific features of GeoServer can be found here, and some samples of GeoServer in action are in the gallery.
GeoServer is built on Geotools, the same Java toolkit that udig uses. GeoServer is a truly open community, with a well documented and modular codebase, so don't hesitate to get involved.
Measuring Change in Small-Scale Transit Accessibility with Geographic Information Systems: Buffalo and Rochester, New York
Journal Transportation Research Record
Publisher Transportation Research Board of the National Academies
ISSN 0361-1981
Issue Volume 1887 / 2004
Category Public Transit
DOI 10.3141/1887-02
Pages 10-17
Online Date Tuesday, January 30, 2007
Abstract
A new method has been developed to measure directly changes in transit accessibility—the combined spatial effect of shifts in land use patterns and transit service—between metropolitan jobs and census tracts with high proportions of the people who most depend on good transit. Through focused analysis of transit routes serving one neighborhood in Buffalo and one neighborhood in Rochester, New York, two main questions are addressed. First, did transit-dependent poor people who lived in inner-city neighborhoods lose capacity to access jobs by transit during the 1990s? Second, if so, how much of the reduction in accessibility was due to changes in transit service rather than to dispersion of land use? Steps include formulating a gravity model using geographic information systems (GISs), calculating an accessibility index at two times during the 1990s at the census tract level, and disaggregating the accessibility change into subcomponents of change in land use and change in transit service by holding relevant variables constant to a base year. Findings do not support the a priori expectations: the transit component of change does not appear to contribute to a loss in accessibility from high-poverty neighborhoods. The model provides insights into the causes of accessibility change, the geographic distribution of accessibility change, and better assessments of whether transit agencies are successfully adapting to changes in land use.
Castiglione, Hiatt, Chang, Charlton
Application of a Travel Demand Microsimulation Model for Equity Analysis
TRB 2006 Annual Meeting
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the application of a state of the art tour-based travel demand microsimulation model to estimate impacts on mobility and accessibility on different populations to support development of a countywide transportation plan. Equity analyses based on traditional travel demand forecast models are compromised by aggregation biases and data availability limitations. Use of the disaggregate (individual person-level) San Francisco tour- based microsimulation model made it possible to estimate benefits and impacts to different communities of concern based on individual characteristics such as gender, income, auto availability, and household structure. In this paper, the concepts and policy context of equity analysis in transportation are first presented. Identifying communities of concerns and relevant measures of transportation system performance are then outlined. The San Francisco Model structure is briefly described, and finally, the results of the equity analysis are presented.
Authors: Chakraborty, Jayajit; Schweitzer, Lisa A.; Forkenbrock, David J.
Source: Transactions in GIS, Volume 3, Number 3, June 1999 , pp. 239-258(20)
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
Abstract:
Although environmental justice research has typically focused on locations of industrial toxic releases or waste sites, recent developments in GIS and environmental modeling provide a foundation for developing measures designed to evaluate the consequences of transportation system changes. In this paper, we develop and demonstrate a workable GIS-based approach that can be used to assess the impacts of a transportation system change on minorites and low-income residents. We focus specifically on two adverse affects: vehicle-generated air pollution and noise. The buffer analysis capabilities of GIS provide a preliminary assessment of environmental justice. We integrate existing environmental pollution models with GIS software to identify the specific locations where noise and air pollution standards could be violated because of the proposed system change. A comparison of the geographic boundaries of these areas with the racial and economic characteristics of the underlying population obtained from block level census data provides a basis for evaluating disproportionate impacts. An existing urban arterial in Waterloo, Iowa, is used to illustrate the methods developed in this research.
Environmental Justice
Case Study: Air Toxic Releases in New Jersey
(from Mennis, J. and Jordan, L., 2005. The distribution of environmental equity: exploring spatial nonstationarity in multivariate models of air toxic releases. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2): 249-268)
Introduction
Geographic information systems (GIS) and multivariate regression are used to analyze socioeconomic inequity in the spatial distribution of New Jersey air toxic release facilities listed in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxic Release Inventory (TRI).
With a Cellphone as My Guide
By JOHN MARKOFF and MARTIN FACKLER
Think of it as a divining rod for the information age.
If you stand on a street corner in Tokyo today you can point a specialized cellphone at a hotel, a restaurant or a historical monument, and with the press of a button the phone will display information from the Internet describing the object you are looking at.
| Data Set Name | Description | Theme | Metadata |
|---|---|---|---|
| Digital Soils (Ontario County) | In-house digitized soils boundaries for 3/4 of Ontario County. | Boundaries Land Use/Land Cover Soils | n/a |