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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OVERWEIGHT IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD

GORTMAKER,SL . "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OVERWEIGHT IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD" The New England journal of medicine [0028-4793] 329.14 (1993). 1008-1012.

Overweight and Obesity: State-Based Programs | DNPA | CDC

Programs are being implemented to address the issue of obesity. The Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to prevent obesity and other chronic diseases is designed to address poor nutrition and inadequate physical activity. From 2005-2006, states were being funded for the use of said program.

Look at picture to show states.

Social Networks are Like the Eye

Social Networks are Like the Eye approaches social networks through the lens of social trends as they are transmitted through social networks, thereby fueling the network and the trend, itself; then, it applies its findings to online social networking. In this sense, social networks are contagions because they contain contagions: flows of social trends, social groups, and other amorphous entities pervade the networks from one end to the other. Moreover, Christakis believes networks to be active beings and must be treated as active agents. Christakis invokes weight gain to describe trends. Weight gain among one’s friends leads to one’s own weight gain; interestingly, weight gain among people in one’s “social horizon” also have a degree of influence on weight gain on the individual. In some cases, the relationship’s intensity did not matter: strangers and friends, alike, had profound impacts on weight gain. These behaviors are dictated by preferences. For instance, online privacy norms (e.g. hiding pictures on Facebook can conjure the impression that one is mysterious and desirable) emanate from the fact that “privacy is a taste.” As an aside, partial inspiration for interaction is derived from age-old societies, who perceived well-ordered societies to be the optimal breeding ground for progress and engagement.

Social trends provide another motivating factor for engaging with online social networks. Rather than seeking senses of community, humans are once again inspired by topics to “talk about” or “objects” rather than social networking, itself. Moreover, accusations of social networking sites’ transience are further supplanted by the volatile modality of social trends from one media medium to another.

Obesity, An epidemic

Costs of obesity are divided into three categories: direct costs of health care, indirect costs such as loss of economic activity due to illness, and intangible costs which are social and personal losses.

Overweight and Obesity: State-Based Programs | DNPA | CDC

Look at picture to show states.

Obesity: causes and consequences

Genes- a small percentage of obese cases can be attributed to genetic factors. This include mutations in the leptin gene and its receptor, or the melanocortin system. The onset of obesity in these cases usually occurs at an early age. In these cases, obesity can be attributed to over-eating instead of defects in energy expenditure.

One third of the variance in BMI may be due to genetic factors.

Metabolism- Studies have been shown that obese people have higher metabolic rates than their non-obese people.

Behaviour- obesity is a result of energy intake exceeding energy needed. Many overweight people eat in response to boredom, loneliness or stress.

Physical Activity- physical activity brings important health benefits. Obesity can be attributed to failure of the homeostatic mechanisms to match energy intake to the body’s energy needs.

Environment- increase in obesity is linked to “economic development suggests that we have a latent susceptibility to obesity.” Cultures around the world, when introduced to western cultures rapidly gain weight and develop diabetes. Overweight tends to run in the family, which results from genes and shared lifestyles.

N C H S - Health E Stats - Supplemental Analyses of Recent Trends in Infant Mortality

In 2003-2004, NHANES estimated that 66% of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese. Over the last 25 years there has been an increase in the prevalence of individuals who are either overweight or obese.

Click on graphs to enlarge.

N C H S - Health E Stats - Supplemental Analyses of Recent Trends in Infant Mortality

Results from National Health and Nutrtion Examination Survey showed that 17% of children ages 2-19 years old are overweight. Children between the ages of 6-11 have increased from 11 to 19% from 1988-94 to 2003-2004.

Based on data, overweight in children and adolescents was stable from the 1960s to 1980. However, since 1994, overweight in youths has increased ever since 1994.

Click on the graphs to enlarge them.

AOA

Reimbursement for obesity is an “anomalie” Obesity is a serious disease that is often associated with increased mortality rates, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, degenerative joint disease and several types o cancer.

Due to the lack of coverage that obese people receive, they choose not to seek treatment for it. The market for treatments are “cheap and plentiful,” and effective treatments are time intensive and costly.

Medicare and Medicaid do not cover obesity as they do not recognize it as a disease.

Lack of coverage can be attributed to lack of understanding of obesity as a disease. However, there is a decrease in the development of new therapies as people feel these treatments will be no reimbursements.

There is also a perception that responsibility to treat obesity is on the individual themselves. The public perceives that these diseases are based on personal behavior.

There is evidence that things are beginning to change. The IRS is now allowing weight loss expenses to be deducted, when there were previous instructions not allowing this.

Future: Many health conditions can be treated by weight loss.

The Cost of Obesity

Calculate your BMI - Standard BMI Calculator

BMI Calculator and Index

Obesity: Problem in America

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OVERWEIGHT IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD

GORTMAKER,SL . "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OVERWEIGHT IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD" The New England journal of medicine [0028-4793] 329.14 (1993). 1008-1012.

An Exploration of Psychosocial Determinants of Obesity among Hispanic Women

Teran,L . "An Exploration of Psychosocial Determinants of Obesity among Hispanic Women" Hispanic journal of behavioral sciences [0739-9863] 24.1 (2002). 92-103.

Fat boys : a slim book / Sander L. Gilman.

Gilman, Sander L. . Fat boys : a slim book / Sander L. Gilman. [0803221835 (cloth : alk. paper) ] Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, c2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RC552.O25 G54 2004

Revolting bodies? : the struggle to redefine fat identity / Kathleen LeBesco.

LeBesco, Kathleen, 1970- . Revolting bodies? : the struggle to redefine fat identity / Kathleen LeBesco. [1558494286 (lib. cloth ed. : alk. paper) ] Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, c2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RC628 .L36 2004

Introduction: The discourse of revolt
Organization and embodiment: politicizing and historicizing fatness
Antidotes to medical discourse about fatness
Sexy/beautiful/fat
Citizen profane: consumerism, class, race, and body
Revolution on a rack: fatness, fashion, and commodification
Framing fatness: popular representations of obesity as disability
The queerness of fat
The resignification of fat in cyberspace
Fat politics and the will to innocence.

Obesity epidemic : science, morality, and ideology / Michael Gard and Jan Wright.

Gard, Michael, 1965- . Obesity epidemic : science, morality, and ideology / Michael Gard and Jan Wright. [0415318963 (pbk.) ] London ; New York : Routledge, 2005.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RA645.O23 G37 2005

Fat land : how Americans became the fattest people in the world / Greg Critser.

Critser, Greg. . Fat land : how Americans became the fattest people in the world / Greg Critser. [0618164723 ] Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RA645.O23 C75 2003

Obesity myth : why America's obsession with weight is hazardous to your health / Paul Campos.

Campos, Paul F. . Obesity myth : why America's obsession with weight is hazardous to your health / Paul Campos. [1592400663 (acid-free paper) ] New York : Gotham Books, c2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RM222.2 .C27535 2004

Food fight : the inside story of the food industry, America's obesity crisis, and what we can do about it / Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen.

Brownell, Kelly D. . Food fight : the inside story of the food industry, America's obesity crisis, and what we can do about it / Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen. [0071402500 (alk. paper) ] Chicago : Contemporary Books, c2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RA645.O23 B76 2004

Fat politics : the real story behind America's obesity epidemic / J. Eric Oliver.

Oliver, J. Eric, 1966- . Fat politics : the real story behind America's obesity epidemic / J. Eric Oliver. [0195169360 (cloth : alk. paper) ] Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2006.
Call#: In Process IN Process