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DOI: 10.1177/0739456X06289359
© 2006 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Sustainability
Planning's Saving Grace or Road to Perdition?
Michael Gunder
School of Architecture and Planning, University of Auckland, New Zealand
This article explores the concept-sustainability-as a transcendental ideal of planning purpose and value. The article critically argues that sustainability largely has been captured and deployed under a narrative of sustainable development in a manner that stifles the potential for substantive social and environmental change, all of which constitutes new purpose, legitimacy, and authority for the discipline of planning and its practitioners while potentially sustaining or creating adverse social and environmental injustices. These are injustices that planning traditionally attempted to address but now often obscures under the primacy of the economic imperative within dominant institutional interpretations of the sustainable development narrative.
Key Words: sustainability • regulation • legitimacy • ideology • injustice
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9001000105
© 1990 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
The Chicago Area Transportation Study: A Case Study of Rational Planning
Alan Black
This case study of the Chicago Area Transportation Study during the late 1950s and early 1960s illustrates ex ecution of the rational planning model. The model is outlined in ten steps and the way the agency per formed each step is described. A fi nal section discusses staff attitudes in a research-oriented agency that emphasized rationality and avoided politics. The study shows that the rational model is workable but raises questions about whether it is effec tive in influencing decisions.
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X04270244
© 2005 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Spatial and Transportation Mismatch in Los Angeles
Paul M. Ong
UCLA's Ralph and Goldy Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies
Douglas Miller
Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy at Columbia University
This article compares the impacts of spatial mismatch (the geographic separation of workers and jobs) and transportation mismatch (the lack of access to a private automobile) on neighborhood employment-to-population ratios and unemployment rates. The study uses tract-level data for the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The analysis uses an instrumental-variable approach to correct for the simultaneity of employment and car ownership. Results indicate that transportation mismatch is the more important factor in generating poor labor-market outcomes, particularly for disadvantaged neighborhoods. Areas with relatively more jobs increase female employment rates but not male employment rates. On the other hand, lower car ownership rates significantly decrease the employment ratio and increase the unemployment rate for both sexes.
Key Words: employment • unemployment • poor neighborhoods
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9001000105
© 1990 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
The Chicago Area Transportation Study: A Case Study of Rational Planning
Alan Black
This case study of the Chicago Area Transportation Study during the late 1950s and early 1960s illustrates ex ecution of the rational planning model. The model is outlined in ten steps and the way the agency per formed each step is described. A fi nal section discusses staff attitudes in a research-oriented agency that emphasized rationality and avoided politics. The study shows that the rational model is workable but raises questions about whether it is effec tive in influencing decisions.
DOI: 10.1177/073945600128992564
© 2000 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Land Use and Transportation Interaction
Implications on Public Health and Quality of Life
Lawrence D. Frank, Ph.D.
College of Architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Increases in per capita vehicle usage and associated emissions have spawned an increased examination of the ways in which our communities and regions are developing. Associated with increased vehicle usage are decreased levels of walking and biking, two valid forms of physical activity. The Surgeon General's 1996 report, Physical Activity and Health, highlights the increasing level of physical inactivity as a growing cause of mortality. The costs and benefits of contrasting land development and transportation investment practices have been the subject of considerable debate in the literature. Findings have been refuted based on methodological grounds and inaccurate interpretation of data. Several of these studies, their methodological approaches, and their critiques are analyzed. While most agree that the built environment influences travel, considerable disagreement exists over the likely impacts of increased density, mix, and street connectivity on air quality, and on transportation system performance and household activity patterns.
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X04267731
© 2005 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Teaching Integrated Land Use-Transportation Planning
Topics, Readings, and Strategies
Kevin Krizek
University of Minnesota
David Levinson
University of Minnesota
Planning pedagogy is increasingly focused on teaching interdisciplinary topics in an integrated and synergistic manner. The intersection of land use and transportation is that of two topics that have risen to be front and center for the planning profession. This article focuses on the manner in which planning programs and, in particular, specific courses address land use and transportation planning. After describing the context in which such courses exist, this article analyzes syllabi from fifteen courses in North American planning programs in two respects. The first examines the list of topics covered within each course by discussing the nature of primary, secondary, and peripheral topics. Second, the analysis uncovers the frequency with which specific readings are employed in each course. The article closes by discussing the nature of a land use-transportation course from the University of Minnesota in which there is a lecture and laboratory component.
Key Words: transportation planning • land use planning • teaching • interdisciplinary • pedagogy
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9701700106
© 1997 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Common Ground for Integrating Planning Theory and GIS Topics
Ann-Margaret Esnard
Department of city and regional planning Cornell University, Ithaca, New Yorkame7@cornell.edu.
E. Bruce MacDougall
Department of landscape architecture and regionalplanning, University of Massachusetes, Amherstebm@1arp.umass.edu.
The basic premise of this article is that planning theory and geographic information systems (GIS) course topics should be integrated in the planning curriculum. The increased use of GIS technology for informing planning and public policy decision making is discussed in the first section, followed by a summary of related technical and theoretical disparities. The concept of links is then introduced and used in the final section to demonstrate the contexts in which common themes can be identified for integrating planning norms (ethics, values, communicative rationality, planning process, and context) and GIS methods (data creation, analysis, and presentation).
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9501400405
© 1995 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Other
Extending the Revolution: Teaching Land Use Planning in a GIS Environment
William J. Drummond
For planning educators the ultimate worth of the GIS revolution will be measured not by the number of new GIS courses offered, but by the integration of GIS technology into the traditional, substantive areas of planning. In the field of land use planning this integration remains in its infancy. The article suggests a general, modular approach for the incorporation of GIS technology into land use planning course work, using a combination of GIS, database, and spreadsheet software. Numerous specific examples are provided, including major applicauons in data collection, preliminary analysis, plan formulation, and plan evaluation.
Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, 404-414 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X06298820
© 2007 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Exploring Changes in Income Clustering and Centralization during the 1990s
Casey J. Dawkins
Urban Affairs and Planning at Virginia Tech, Virginia Center for Housing Research
This article employs a new "spatial ordering index" to describe and explain changes in the degree of income clustering and centralization within U.S. metropolitan areas during the 1990s. The results suggest that while the spatial pattern of household income became more decentralized and less clustered during the 1990s, the patterns established as of 1990 were highly persistent over the decade. Factors associated with metropolitan area size and growth affected changes in both the degree of centralization and the degree of clustering. Although traditional determinants of suburbanization were associated with increases in income decentralization during the 1990s, densely developed cities with an increase in the percentage of white residents saw increases in income centralization during the decade. Furthermore, changes in the patterns observed were shaped by various policy influences, including the number of Low Income Housing Tax Credit units, urban containment policies, and the degree of local government fragmentation.
Key Words: economic segregation • spatial analysis • metropolitan governance • urban containment • growth management
Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, 435-449 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X06297860
© 2007 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
The Sustainable Communities Experiment in the United States
Insights from Three Federal-Level Initiatives
Carla Chifos
School of Planning at the University of Cincinnati
This paper documents and analyzes a portion of the U.S. government's attempt to adopt the concept of sustainability after 1992. Numerous case studies of individual sustainable community development projects exist, although almost no literature describes the coordinated federal-level effort to create and implement a sustainable development policy from 1993 to 2000. Case studies of three prominent federal-level sustainable community programs are developed from twenty guided interviews and existing government documents. The analysis of these three cases reveals serious attempts to translate sustainability into federal programs and changes in agency cultures despite institutional barriers. Although the primary outcome of these efforts was a stronger framework for facilitation of planning at the federal level, it still remains unclear why planners were not more involved in this process.
Key Words: sustainable communities • federal policy • sustainable development • Clinton-Gore administration • President's Council on Sustainable Development
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9901800305
© 1999 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Environmental Justice and the Sustainable City
Graham Haughton
As the debate on sustainable development and environmental justice has gathered momen tum, considerable attention has been paid to identifying key principles. In this paper, I highlight a number of core principles and then move on to examine differing styles of policy approach, which have gained favor among different sources, for moving toward the sustainable city from market-based neo- liberal reformism to deep green ecologically centered approaches. I highlight four broad categories of approach to sustainable urban development and begin linking those to the core principles of sustainable development.
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X03022004008
© 2003 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Bringing Local Knowledge into Environmental Decision Making
Improving Urban Planning for Communities at Risk
Jason Corburn
This article reveals how local knowledge can improve planning for communities facing the most serious environmental and health risks. These communities often draw on their firsthand experience-here called local knowledge-to challenge expert-lay distinctions. Community participation in environmental decisions is putting pressure on planners to find new ways of fusing the expertise of scientists with insights from the local knowledge of communities. Using interviews, primary texts, and ethnographic fieldwork, this article defines local knowledge, reveals how it differs from professional knowledge, and argues that local knowledge can improve planning in at least four ways (1) epistemology, adding to the knowledge base of environmental policy; (2) procedural democracy, including new and previously silenced voices; (3) effectiveness, providing low-cost policy solutions; and (4) distributive justice, highlighting inequitable distributions of environmental burdens.
Key Words: local knowledge • environmental health • community planning
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X06288090
© 2006 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Just Planning
The Art of Situated Ethical Judgment
Heather Campbell
Department of Town and Regional Planning at the University of Sheffield.
The conceptualizations of justice that have most influenced recent debates in planning theory have focused on procedural concerns, while questions of value and the good have been regarded as problematic given a world of plurality and difference. This article argues that questions of value are an inescapable part of the activity of planning and hence its purpose is to identify the key dimensions of a reconceptualized notion of justice for planning. The argument is presented through consideration of two key themes: the relationship between the individual and the collective, and the notion of "reasonableness" in relation to matters of public policy related to planning. The implications of this analysis lead on to consideration of the scope of collective obligations and the nature of judgment and reasoning in planning. The article concludes by arguing that justice in planning is about situated ethical judgment- a conceptualization of justice that raises significant issues in relation to future developments in planning thought.
Key Words: justice • ethical judgment • planning theory
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X9701600404
© 1997 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
A Model for Teaching Environmental Justice in a Planning Curriculum
R. O. Washington
Denise Strong
College of Urban and Public Affairs, University of New Orleans.
This article describes a course, Environmental Justice Movement, initiated at the College of Urban and Public Affairs at the University of New Orleans in the spring of 1995. A companion to a course in environmental planning, the course was designed to prepare planning students to engage in the environmental policy debate by exposing them to its historical, moral, and technical dimensions. By examining strategies and tactics of planning practice, they learn to apply their analytic and research skills to appropriate advocacy, mediation, and community planning roles. The course seeks to connect the environmental justice movement with social movement theory, concepts of procedural justice, and advocacy and equity planning. It integrates propositions and concepts about the politics of planning, land use policies, and practices with political philosophy, populist beliefs and what Perry (1994) calls "the street-level Rawlsian approach."
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X03255431
© 2003 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Environmental Justice on the Streets
Advocacy Planning as a Tool to Contest Environmental Racism
Stacy Anne Harwood
Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign
This article argues that environmental racism should be broadened to include the maldistribution of beneficial environmental conditions and proposes that advocacy planning may be an effective way to address the spatial absence of beneficial environmental services and amenities. The article examines advocacy in the context of neighborhood improvement, specifically around the placement of a streetlight and stop sign. Neighborhood infrastructure and transportation planning are vital for safety and quality of life, especially for communities of color, yet planning at this level often revolves around physical aspects of the neighborhood with minimal attention paid to planning processes and outcomes likely to marginalize and even endanger communities. Through an examination of one municipality's neighborhood-based advocacy approach to neighborhood improvement, this article considers the opportunities and challenges in using advocacy planning as a strategy to promote environmental justice on the streets and sidewalks of distressed urban neighborhoods.
Key Words: environmental racism • neighborhood improvement • advocacy planning • environmental justice