This bibliography combines sources that cover multiple topics including: the French New Wave movement in film, concepts of free will, and sociological analyses of prostitution. The purpose is to examine the Jean-Luc Godard's goals in using French New Wave techniques to portray a woman's descent into prostitution in the film "Vivre Sa Vie".

Soltan, Margaret. The Lost Narrative of Lost Women. Feminist Studies. Vol. 1, No. 3. Autumn, 1989: 563 572. Margaret Soltan's essayistic article on the scholarly perception of prostitution is presented as a reaction to another article published in the journal Ethics, in which the author described prostitutes as being similar to nurses in that they carry out unpleasant but humane services for society. Soltan describes herself as being angered by the article and she concludes that this anger came as a result of a certain affinity that she feels towards prostitutes. The article was written after Soltan spent time in Paris for a fellowship and it often refers to her experiences and observations of prostitution in Paris. Soltan believes that prostitution comes as a result of a sort of self-alienation and commoditization and, also, that prostitution is rarely viewed as a real social problem in support of this claim, she refers to the establishment of regulations and the systematization of prostitution in Paris via designated prostitution zones and medical tests for prostitutes. The problem of prostitution, Soltan says, is a result of a tendency for passivity among woman: they tend to desire freedom from responsibility and thus they turn themselves over to prostitution (all women, Soltan says, do this in a less explicit way by selling themselves in their daily lives). Soltan's article examines prostitution as a real social problem in much the same way Jean-Luc Godard examines it in Vivre Sa Vie. Nana, the main character in Vivre Sa Vie believes that she is responsible for all of her actions, but Godard demonstrates the social constraints that led to Nana's descent into prostitution and portrays Nana as having little control over it. A similar critical view of society is reflected in Soltan's writing a view of women being misled into believing they carry out prostitution in a detached manner without being mentally affected- and both Soltan and Godard refer to the regulatory laws on prostitution in Paris as attempts to streamline prostitution as if it were not a true problem.

Gilfoyle, Timothy J. Prostitutes in History: From Parables of Pornography to Metaphors of Modernity. The American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 1. (Feb., 1999): 117-141. .Prostitutes in History. provides a brief historical delineation of prostitution as well as the historical study of prostitution and describes how both have evolved. Timothy Gilfoyle separates historians into two groups: those who study the social structure surrounding prostitution and those who study the symbolism of deviance and sin that prostitution carries. Gilfoyle notes that prostitution was not studied extensively until fairly recently. In the past, prostitutes were marginalized by historians, and even now historians complain about marginal subjects, such as prostitution, becoming a central area of study. Gilfoyle sees no need for such complaints, as he views the study of prostitution as a way of increasing understanding of history just as much as studies of gender, economy, and sexuality. Gilfoyle notes that historians who study the day-to-day lives of prostitutes often possess an empathetic view of prostitutes, viewing them as rational women who are forced into prostitution due to a need to survive. The article also focuses particularly on prostitution in France over the past several decades and how it has gone through periods of regulation and unregulation. This historical account provides insight on how prostitution has been viewed both throughout history and by historians.

Waller, Bruce N. Neglected Psychological Elements of Free Will. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. Volume 11, Number 2, June 2004: 111-118. This journal article by Bruse Waller offers both insight on the psychological elements behind free will and criticism of contemporary philosophers who, according to Waller, ignore concepts of psychology that are necessary for fully understanding free will. Free will is apparently based on external factors, as well as two factors within the human mind: a locus of control, and a belief in self-efficacy. A locus of control is essentially a belief that one.s choices control the path of one.s life. A belief in self-efficacy is a belief in one.s competency or ability to make good, informed decisions. Waller criticizes existentialists and philosophers, both of whom fail to grasp both the concept of locus of control and self efficacy. Existentialists, Waller says, believe that free will requires a complete locus of control, and absence of self-efficacy. Therefore if individuals want to have free will they must fully believe in their ability to control their lives, but all decisions must be made with complete uncertainty because individuals must not have self efficacy. Philosophers, on the other hand, believe that humans with free will can possess confidence in their self-efficacy, but realize that their lives are controlled by external factors, and thus they must lack a locus of control. Waller is of the belief that both a locus of control and self-efficacy are necessary for a person to have free will and therefore philosophers should study these elements more closely. If a person lacks one element, then he or she will either surrender to external factors or be paralyzed by the uncertainty of his or her decisions. Waller.s article covers one of the main themes within Vivre Sa Vie. Godard explores an individual woman who believes she possesses free will, but who, in reality, is controlled by external factors. Waller brings up an example of such a person: someone who possesses a free will, but is completely lacking control. Waller states that this is an especially cruel scenario and draws a metaphor of a child being given a toy steering wheel and being told it controls a vehicle that is, in reality, completely out of the child.s control.

Jenness, Valerie. From Sex as Sin to Sex as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of Prostitution as a Social Problem. Social Problems, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Aug., 1990): 403-420. This article from the journal Social Problems provides an overview of the initiatives taken by the organization COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics), a prostitutes. rights advocacy group. The group believes that prostitutes simply use their skills to make money in the same way lawyers use their knowledge to make money, artists use their creativity to make money, and ballerinas use their bodies to make money. The group was formed in the 1970.s in the wake of changing views on prostitution. According to the article, society began to view prostitution less as debaucherous behavior and more as a legitimate career (though this view was not necessarily fully adopted). COYOTE was founded by Margo St. James, a former prostitute, who led the group to legitimacy along with other persuasive leaders. Among the most prominent initiatives being pursued by the group is protection from police, the establishment of benefits, and the overall formation and regulation of prostitution as a legitimate career opportunity. The organization believes that laws against prostitution only perpetuate the social problems surrounding it, such as abuse and the spread of disease. The most explicit way this article relates to Vivre Sa Vie is in its view of prostitutes as conscious and completely free decision makers. This is the view that Godard examines in his film, as it is the view expressed by Nana. The article also provided more insight on how some believe the regulation of prostitution can be a way of reducing the negative effects of outlawed prostitution. Godard seemingly questions this view by blurring the line between a conscious decision and a seemingly inevitable downfall for the woman who chooses to become a prostitute.

This bibliography combines sources that cover multiple topics including: the French New Wave movement in film, concepts of free will, and sociological analyses of prostitution. The purpose is to examine the Jean-Luc Godard's goals in using French New Wave techniques to portray a woman's descent into prostitution in the film "Vivre Sa Vie".

Margaret Soltan's essayistic article on the scholarly perception of prostitution is presented as a reaction to another article published in the journal Ethics, in which the author described prostitutes as being similar to nurses in that they carry out unpleasant but humane services for society. Soltan describes herself as being angered by the article and she concludes that this anger came as a result of a certain "affinity" that she feels towards prostitutes. The article was written after Soltan spent time in Paris for a fellowship and it often refers to her experiences and observations of prostitution in Paris. Soltan believes that prostitution comes as a result of a sort of self-alienation and commoditization and, also, that prostitution is rarely viewed as a real social problem - in support of this claim, she refers to the establishment of regulations and the systematization of prostitution in Paris via designated prostitution zones and medical tests for prostitutes. The problem of prostitution, Soltan says, is a result of a tendency for passivity among woman: they tend to desire freedom from responsibility and thus they turn themselves over to prostitution (all women, Soltan says, do this in a less explicit way by "selling" themselves in their daily lives).

Soltan's article examines prostitution as a real social problem in much the same way Jean-Luc Godard examines it in Vivre Sa Vie. Nana, the main character in Vivre Sa Vie believes that she is responsible for all of her actions, but Godard demonstrates the social constraints that led to Nana's descent into prostitution and portrays Nana as having little control over it. A similar critical view of society is reflected in Soltan's writing - a view of women being misled into believing they carry out prostitution in a detached manner without being mentally affected- and both Soltan and Godard refer to the regulatory laws on prostitution in Paris as attempts to streamline prostitution as if it were not a true problem.

Margaret Soltan's essayistic article on the scholarly perception of prostitution is presented as a reaction to another article published in the journal Ethics, in which the author described prostitutes as being similar to nurses in that they carry out unpleasant but humane services for society. Soltan describes herself as being angered by the article and she concludes that this anger came as a result of a certain .affinity. that she feels towards prostitutes. The article was written after Soltan spent time in Paris for a fellowship and it often refers to her experiences and observations of prostitution in Paris. Soltan believes that prostitution comes as a result of a sort of self-alienation and commoditization and, also, that prostitution is rarely viewed as a real social problem . in support of this claim, she refers to the establishment of regulations and the systematization of prostitution in Paris via designated prostitution zones and medical tests for prostitutes. The problem of prostitution, Soltan says, is a result of a tendency for passivity among woman: they tend to desire freedom from responsibility and thus they turn themselves over to prostitution (all women, Soltan says, do this in a less explicit way by .selling. themselves in their daily lives). Soltan.s article examines prostitution as a real social problem in much the same way Jean-Luc Godard examines it in Vivre Sa Vie. Nana, the main character in Vivre Sa Vie believes that she is responsible for all of her actions, but Godard demonstrates the social constraints that led to Nana.s descent into prostitution and portrays Nana as having little control over it. A similar critical view of society is reflected in Soltan.s writing . a view of women being misled into believing they carry out prostitution in a detached manner without being mentally affected- and both Soltan and Godard refer to the regulatory laws on prostitution in Paris as attempts to streamline prostitution as if it were not a true problem.