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    At least as early as the 1960's, Hollywood and independent cinemas have experimented with conventional popular genres concerning generic, heterosexual masculinity, and fused it with alternative, subcultural versions of masculinity. The author focuses on the psychedelic or popular-modernist films of the late 1960's and early 1970's that utilized the narrative and iconographic structures of established genres to explore and challenge traditional male identity and behavior. The subgenre of psychedelic film contains subjective qualities that cause the film experience to be a "head trip" that both transforms and provides an enjoyable mental journey. Characteristics of psychedelic film include protagonists identified with college students and political protest, pacing and editing in the tradition of European art films, the use of anti-realist formal and narrative elements, and tendencies of art cinema and exploitation film.

    Modernist elements are employed to upset the generic foundations of the male protagonist, which usually reaffirm the privileged position of male characters and spectators. The psychedelic film shares similarities to American experimental film of the 1960's such as Scorpio Rising in the use of modernist elements to challenge major worldview, perception, and representation. Psychedelic film uses experimental form in the alteration of the classic narrative genre with its ideological biases, especially those concerning gender. The level of confrontation and critique achieved by these films are related to that level achieved by Kenneth Anger's radical gay films. Scorpio Rising transformed the motorcycle genre with implicit homoerotic and violent gestures.

    Recent films concerning alternative views of masculinity linked to popular genres have achieved success, but it is only superficially challenging. At the core is the reassurance of stable, heterosexual masculinity. The author notes that the shift from popular modernist cinema to contemporary cinema is evidence of an increase in filmmakers' claims of the significance of privileged male experience.